Type of Credit: Elective
Credit(s)
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基督宗教的希臘教父傳統以「神化」（divinization or deification; Greek: theosis）思想著稱，自第三世紀起，「神化」甚至可謂「救恩」（salvation）之最核心的概念。「神化」有其聖經傳統的根據，亦得以在古代希臘羅馬世界中找著相似的概念，後來，在繼承了聖經傳統與希臘化背景的希臘教父們身上，「神化」思想進一步地發展。本課程將探究此一思想在早期基督宗教歷史中的起源及演變。
本課程亦歡迎大學部高年級同學選修，主要閱讀資料Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)已有中譯本。大學部同學可以中文閱讀資料為主，英文閱讀資料則量力而為。已有先前基礎的碩博士班同學可以同時參照另一神化思想的經典研究（有英譯本）Jules Gross, La divinisation du chrétien d’ après les pères grec: Contribution historique à la doctrine de la grâce (Paris: Lecoftre, 1938)，以及最晚近而詳盡的出版品Paul L. Gavrilyuk, Andrew Hofer, O.P., and Matthew Levering (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Deification (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024)。
能力項目說明
1. 了解早期基督宗教歷史中「神化」思想的發展。
2. 學習研讀與分析史料作品，並能查找相關的學者文獻，掌握重要學者的觀點。
3. 培養良好的表達能力：學習精確地把握閱讀之重點內容，並能善加組織與整合，據此給予清晰的口頭報告。
4. 訓練學術書寫能力：練習論文正文與註腳之書寫，並避免瓢竊（plagiarism）。
| 教學週次Course Week | 彈性補充教學週次Flexible Supplemental Instruction Week | 彈性補充教學類別Flexible Supplemental Instruction Type |
|---|---|---|
9/12 課程說明與導論
9/19 神化思想的研究範圍與方法
Basic Reading Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 1
Advanced Reading The Oxford Handbook of Deification: Introduction: Theses on Deification
9/26 希臘羅馬世界裡的神化
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 2
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: Ancient Greek Cultural and Philosophical Background
10/3 猶太教的神化範例
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 3
The Oxford Handbook of Deification:The Hebrew Bible/Old Testament; The “Non-Biblical” Writings of Early Judaism
10/10 國慶日放假
10/17 最早期基督宗教的神化模式（ㄧ）：新約聖經的範例
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 4 Part 1
The Oxford Handbook of Deification:The Pauline and Petrine Letters;The Synoptics and the Johannine Literature
10/24 最早期基督宗教的神化模式（二）：第二世紀的發展
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 4 Part 2
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: Second-Century Greek Fathers
10/31 亞歷山太的傳統（一）：革利免、俄利根
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 5
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: Third-Century Greek Fathers
11/7 期中考週 第一次反思報告，擬定期末報告題目
11/14 亞歷山太的傳統（二）：亞他那修、區利羅
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 6
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: Athanasius of Alexandria; Cyril of Alexandria
11/21 加帕多家三教父的取徑
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 7
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: The Cappadocian Fathers
11/28 修道主義綜覽
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 8
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: Deification in Macarius, Evagrius, and Dionysius; “Man Became God to the Degree that God Became Man”: Maximus the Confessor and the Doctrine of Deification
12/5 第七世紀後的發展
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Ch 9
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: Symeon the New Theologian and Byzantine Monasticism; St. Gregory Palamas and Palamism
12/12 敘利亞和拉丁傳統中的神化思想
Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition, Appendix 1
The Oxford Handbook of Deification: The Syriac Fathers; The Latin Fathers and Augustine
12/19 第二次反思報告，準備期末口頭報告，同儕互評回饋
12/26 期末口頭報告
1/2 彈性補充教學週 完成期末書面報告
1/9 彈性補充教學週 繳交期末書面報告
平時課堂表現（導讀、提問、參與討論） 30%
兩次反思書面報告 30%
期末書面與口頭報告 40%
無故缺席一次扣總分三分。缺席三次（含）以上者，即視同棄修（亦即，請假以兩次為限，並請假須按照學校程序辦理）。缺席當週仍須書寫摘要。
一、事前閱讀：學生應於每次上課前閱讀當週的指定文獻，並書寫摘要，同時提出自己的觀察與問題，以利課堂討論。本學期須繳交兩次反思書面報告（reflection paper），學生每週所寫之摘要可作為反思書面報告的基礎，以顯現學習過程中自己如何消化、組織、整合、延伸課程的學習內容。
二、課堂報告與討論：課堂上學生將輪流導讀指定文獻（可配合使用ppt或者大綱），並積極參與討論。
三、期末報告：學生於期末需撰寫書面報告（題目請與老師討論，應符合學術論文寫作格式），並據此在期末作口頭報告，以俾獲得回饋，改進最後成果。
Bartos, Emil. Deification in Eastern Orthodox Theology: An Evaluation and Critique of the Theology of Dumitru Stăniloae. Milton Keynes: Paternoster Press, 1999.
Chistyakova, Olga. “Eastern Church Fathers on Being Human: Dichotomy in Essence and Wholeness in Deification.” Religions 12, no. 8 (2021): 575.
Christenen, Michael J. and Jeffery A. Wittung (eds.). Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deification in the Christian Traditions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2008.
Finlan, Stephen, and Vladimir Kharlamov. Theōsis: Deification in Christian Theology. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2006.
Gavrilyuk, Paul L. Andrew Hofer, O.P., and Matthew Levering (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Deification. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
Hudson, Nancy J. Becoming God: The Doctrine of Theosis in Nicholas of Cusa. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2007.
Inge, W. R. Mysticism and the Doctrine of Deification. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub., 2005.
Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti. One with God: Salvation as Deification and Justification. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2004.
Kharlamov, Vladimir. The Beauty of the Unity and the Harmony of the Whole: The Concept of Theosis in the Theology of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2009.
Korb, Samuel. “Whole God and Whole Man: Deification as Incarnation in Maximus the Confessor.” Scottish Journal of Theology 75, no. 4 (2022): 308-318.
Litwa, M. David. Desiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Lovano, Michael. “Deification,” In The World of Ancient Greece: A Daily Life Encyclopedia: Housing and Community to Science and Technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2019, 728-730.
Mantzaridis, Georgios I. The Deification of Man: St. Gregory Palamas and the Orthodox Tradition. Translated by Liadain Sherrard. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1984.
Meconi, David Vincent. The One Christ: St. Augustine’s Theology of Deification. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2013.
Medved, Goran. “Theosis (Deification) as a Biblical and Historical Doctrine.” Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology 13, no. 1 (2019): 7-38.
Medved, Goran. “Theosis (Deification) as a New Testament and Evangelical Doctrine.” Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology 13, no. 2 (2019): 159-182.
Nellas, Panayiotis. Deification in Christ: Orthodox Perspectives on the Nature of the Human Person. Translated by Norman Russell. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1987.
Papanikolaou, Aristotle. Being with God: Trinity, Apophaticism, and Divine-Human Communion. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006.
Reardon, Michael M. C. “‘You Adore a God Who Makes You Gods’: Augustine’s Doctrine of Deification.” Horizons (Villanova University) 51, no. 1 (2024): 104-133.
Russell, Norman. The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Russell, Norman. Theosis and Religion: Participation in Divine Life in the Eastern and Western Traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024.
Williams, Rowan. “Deification and the Divine Image.” International Journal of Systematic Theology (IJST) 25, no. 1 (2023): 3-14.