Type of Credit: Partially Required
Credit(s)
Number of Students
本課程為哲學神學系列之第三部分，旨在介紹哲學神學的基本知識和一些主要問題。顧名思義，哲學神學是針對上帝的哲學思辨。哲學神學的主要問題可以粗分為兩大類：上帝的存在與上帝的屬性。本學期將介紹惡的問題，此問題本是與上帝的屬性相關之哲學課題，卻也被許多人認為是對上帝的存在最強有力的質疑。
惡的問題一稱神義論(theodicy)，此問題相傳最早由羅馬帝國時期的哲學家伊璧鳩魯(Epicurus)提出：上帝若是全能，祂必有能力不讓世間的惡發生；上帝若是全善，祂必有意願不讓世間的惡發生；上帝若兼為全能與全善，祂就應有能力和意願不讓惡發生，如此世間的惡又從何而生？簡言之，所謂惡的問題，是指惡存在的事實與上帝的全能與全善二屬性是否相容的問題。
為了要消解惡的問題對有神論信仰的攻擊，歷代許多神學家和哲學家嘗試提出不同的回答，他們的理論可以粗分為三個系統：一、奧古斯丁型神義論(Augustinian Theodicy)一稱自由意志神義論(Free-will Theodicy)，主張惡並非上帝所創造，而是出於受造物對自由意志的誤用。二、愛任紐型神義論(Irenaean Theodicy)或靈魂陶成神義論(Soul-making Theodicy)主張惡的存在有助於完美人格的陶成，而且惡最終將因至善的實現而得以消解。三、歷程神義論(Process Theodicy)則主張雖然上帝或許無法阻止惡的出現，卻無損其本身的全能或完美。另一方面，無神論者或懷疑論者亦提出種種論證與經驗事實，主張惡的事實與上帝的完美屬性或者存在並不相容，他們的立場可被稱為反神義論(Atheodicy)。
本課程希望透過研讀與討論，與同學一起認識與思索此一哲學神學的重要課題。
能力項目說明
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評量工具與指標 ® |
評量工具 |
評量指標 |
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¯ 學習目標 |
分組報告 |
哲學論文 |
測驗藍圖 |
評量尺規 |
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理解哲學神學的主要問題及各家論點 |
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理解惡的問題的思想背景、緣起與區分，以及主要的神義論進路。 |
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| 教學週次Course Week | 彈性補充教學週次Flexible Supplemental Instruction Week | 彈性補充教學類別Flexible Supplemental Instruction Type |
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週次 |
課程主題 |
課程內容(I)與指定閱讀(II) |
教學活動與作業 |
學習投入時數 |
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課堂講授 |
課程前後 |
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1 |
課程介紹； 標準有神論與惡的問題(1) |
I. 理佑(providence)與標準有神論(standard theism) II. Flint, Thomas P. Divine Providence: The Molinist Account. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 11-22. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
|
2 |
標準有神論與惡的問題(2) |
I. 惡的問題的歷史 II. Hickson, Michael W. “A Brief History of Problems of Evil.” The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil. Ed. Justin P. McBrayer and Daniel Howard-Snyder. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 3-18. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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3 |
準有神論的回應方 案 |
I. 準有神論的回應方案(quasi-theistic solutions)：(1) Mary Baker Eddy； (2) John Stuart Mill II. (1) Eddy, Mary Baker. Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. Boston, Massachusetts: The Christian Science Publishing Society, 2006. 465-480. (2) Mill, John Stuart. Three Essays on Religion. 3rd ed. London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1874. 176-195. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
|
4 |
奧古斯丁型神義論(1) |
I. 奧古斯丁型神義論(Augustinian theodicy)：Augustine of Hippo II. (1) Augustine. On the Free Choice of the Will, On Grace and Free Choice, and Other Writings. Ed. and trans. Peter King. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 30-33; 99-107. (2) Geivett, R. Douglas. “Augustine and the Problem of Evil.” God and Evil: The Case for God in a World Filled with Pain. Ed. Chad Meister and James K. Dew Jr. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVasity Press, 2013. 65-79. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
|
5 |
奧古斯丁型神義論(2) |
I. 惡的邏輯問題(logical problem of evil) II. (1) Flew, Antony [Garrard Newton]. “Divine Omnipotence and Human Freedom.” New Essays in Philosophical Theology. Ed. Antony Flew & Alasdair MacIntyre. London: SCM Press, 1955. 144-169. (2) Mackie, J[ohn] L[eslie]. “Evil and Omnipotence.” Mind 64 (1955): 200-212. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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6 |
奧古斯丁型神義論(3) |
I. 自由意志辯護(free will defence)：Alvin Plantinga II. Plantinga, Alvin. God, Freedom, and Evil. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1977. 7-64. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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7 |
奧古斯丁型神義論(4) |
I. 對自由意志辯護的批評 II. Adams, Robert Merrihew. “Middle Knowledge and the Problem of Evil. American Philosophical Quarterly 14.2 (1977): 109-117. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
|
8 |
奧古斯丁型神義論(5) |
I. 對奧古斯丁型神義論的批評 II. (1) Hick, John H. Evil and the God of Love. 2nd ed. London: The Macmillan Press, 1985. 169-198. (2) Griffin, David Ray. God, Power, and Evil: A Process Theodicy. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1976. 55-71. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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9 |
萊布尼茲的神義論 |
I. Gottfried Willhelm Leibniz II. Hernandez, Jill Graper. “Leibniz and the Best of All Possible Worlds.” God and Evil: The Case for God in a World Filled with Pain. Ed. Chad Meister and James K. Dew Jr. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVasity Press, 2013. 94-105. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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10 |
愛任紐型神義論 (1) |
I. 愛任紐型神義論(Irenaean theodicy)：Irenaeus of Lyons II. Irenaeus of Lyons. Against Heresies. Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325. Eds. and trans. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994. Vol. 1. 518-523. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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11 |
愛任紐型神義論 (2) |
I. 愛任紐型神義論：John Hick II. (1) Hick, John H. “An Irenaean Theodicy.” Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy. Ed. Stephen T. Davis. Atlanta, Georgia: John Knox Press, 1981. 39-52. (2) Hick, John H. Evil and the God of Love. 2nd ed. London: The Macmillan Press, 1985. 262-291. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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12 |
愛任紐型神義論 (3) |
I. 對愛任紐型神義論的批評 II. (1) Madden, Edward H., and Peter H. Hare. Evil and the Concept of God. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1968. 83-87. (2) Griffin, David Ray. God, Power, and Evil: A Process Theodicy. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1976. 174-204. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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13 |
歷程神義論 (1) |
I. 歷程神義論(process theodicy)：David Griffin II. (1) Griffin, David R. “Creation Out of Chaos and the Problem of Evil.” Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy. Ed. Stephen T. Davis. Atlanta, Georgia: John Knox Press, 1981. 101-119. (2) Griffin, David Ray. God, Power, and Evil: A Process Theodicy. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1976. 275-310. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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14 |
歷程神義論 (2) |
I. 對歷程神義論的批評 II. (1) Hare, Peter H., and Edward H. Madden. “Evil and Persuasive Power.” Process Studies 2.1 (1972): 44-48. (2) Whitney, Barry L. Evil and the Process God. 116-141. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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15 |
惡的明證問題(1) |
I. 惡的明證問題(evidential problem of evil)：Alvin Plantinga對James Cornman與Keith Lehrer的回應 II. (1) Cornman, James, Keith Lehrer & George Sotiros Pappas. Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1982. 251-258. (2) Plantinga, Alvin. “The Probabilistic Argument from Evil.” Philosophical Studies 35.1 (1979): 1-53. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
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16 |
惡的明證問題(2) |
I. 惡的明證問題：William Rowe的論證 II. Rowe, William L. “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism.” American Philosophical Quarterly 16.4 (1979): 335-341. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
|
17 |
惡的明證問題(3) |
I. 惡的明證問題：Stephen Wykstra對Rowe的回應 II. Wykstra, Stephen J. “The Humean Obstacle to Evidential Arguments from Suffering: On Avoiding the Evils of ‘Appearance’.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 16 (1984): 73-93. |
講授與討論 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
修課同學須撰寫哲學報告一篇，於114年1月20日前繳交。
期末哲學報告之評量尺規
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項目 |
主題設定(5%) |
態度、語調(5%) |
組織(10%) |
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優 |
主題設定精彩有趣 |
能以同理心發揚正反觀點 |
文章組織嚴密完整，段落分明 |
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佳 |
主題設定有趣 |
持平、中肯，正反俱陳 |
文章尚稱結構完整，段落分明 |
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普通 |
主題相干但無趣 |
雖勉強陳列正反觀點，但立場稍有偏頗 |
文章尚稱完整，但部分段落不夠或意義不清 |
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待改進 |
主題不相干或缺乏問題意識 |
態度不中肯，或不能正反俱陳 |
文章結構鬆散，段落不分明 |
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項目 |
原創性(5%) |
精準(20%) |
清晰(20%) |
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優 |
極富原創性 |
能精準舖陳他人的觀點 |
語句表達清晰，關鍵語詞皆有嚴謹定義 |
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佳 |
稍有原創性 |
舖陳他人觀點大致精準 |
語句表達大致清晰，關鍵語詞大致都有定義 |
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普通 |
欠缺原創性 |
舖陳他人觀點過舖陳他人觀點過於簡略 |
語句表達大致清晰 |
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待改進 |
拾人牙慧，甚至涉及抄襲剽竊 |
舖陳他人觀點欠缺精準 |
語句表達不夠清晰，部分語詞意義不明 |
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項目 |
論證(20%) |
文獻引用(10%) |
其他（如：外文拼寫正確、整潔）(5%) |
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優 |
論證極嚴謹細密 |
參考資料豐富、引用格式正確 |
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佳 |
論證大致嚴謹 |
參考資料充分，引用正確 |
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普通 |
論證大致清晰完整 |
引用參考資料格式正確 |
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待改進 |
論證不完整、犯邏輯謬誤，或根本缺乏論證 |
參考資料不足，或引用格式錯誤 |
上課教材：
教師自製講義
參考書目：
Peterson, Michael L. God and Evil: An Introduction to the Issues. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998.
Peterson, Michael L., ed. The Problem of Evil: Selected Readings. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992.
Whitney, Barry L. What Are They Saying About God and Evil?. New York: Paulist Press, 1989.
Hick, John [Harold]. Evil and the God of Love. 2nd ed. Basingstroke, Hampshire, England: The Macmillan Press, 1985.
Griffin, David Ray. God, Power, and Evil: A Process Theodicy. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Westminster Press, 1976.
Davis, Stephen T., ed. Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy. 2nd ed. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
Feinberg, John S. The Many Faces of Evil: Theological Systems and the Problem of Evil. Revised and Expanded Edition. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 2004.
Adams, Marilyn McCord, and Robert Merrihew Adams, eds. The Problem of Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Rowe, William L[eonard], ed. God and the Problem of Evil. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
McBrayer, Justin P., and Daniel Howard-Snyder, eds. The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Meister, Chad, and James K. Dew Jr, eds. God and Evil: The Case for God in a World Filled with Pain. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVasity Press, 2013.