Type of Credit: Elective
Credit(s)
Number of Students
Course Description
This course investigates the variety of lived spiritual traditions in Southeast Asia from the bottom up. We will leave behind the question of how it is that ‘superstitions’ persist into the modern era and will grapple rather with the political and economic paths through which local practices became ‘superstitions’. By exploring those local practices that continue to be practiced both inside and outside of ‘religious’ institutions, we investigate the contemporary lived experiences of Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity in Southeast Asia with the intention to discover the extent to which and the manners through which each accommodates or thwarts local non-doctrinal practices. Our inquiries into spirits and religion in the Southeast Asian context will be supplemented by ethnographic data from the land in which this course is taught, adding insights and complexity.
能力項目說明
Learning Outcomes:
Students will have a strong understanding about the relationship between spirit traditions, religions, and state systems that can be used as an analytical framework for ethnographic work in religion, politics, economics, or environmental studies. It can also be used to better understand the society we live in and the dynamics of social interactions. In addition, students will gain practical experience with ethnographic data collection methods and the reflexive work of the ethnographer.
| 教學週次Course Week | 彈性補充教學週次Flexible Supplemental Instruction Week | 彈性補充教學類別Flexible Supplemental Instruction Type |
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Course Outline
Week 1: Introduce Course Concepts
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In-class writing assignment week 1: Why am I here studying about religion and spirits in Southeast Asia?
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The Making of Religion: Theoretical Grounding
Week 2: Invention and Imaginaire
Masuzawa, Tomoko. 2005. The invention of world religions, or, How European universalism was preserved in the language of pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chapt 1 and 4
Collins, Steven. 1998. Introduction, in Nirvana and other Buddhist felicities: utopias of the Pali imaginaire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Introduction (1-121).
Week 3: On Purification
Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Chapters 1 and 6.
Keane, W. (2008). The evidence of the senses and the materiality of religion. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 14(S1), S110–S127.
Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Polution and Taboo [1966]. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Intro, Chapter 1 & 2 (p, 1-50)
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Ethnographic fieldwork Due Week 4: Participant observation: Record instances of social or institutional boundary marking that you encounter. Does not have to be related to spirits or religion. We’re looking for the enactment of social classification systems.
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Week 4: On Power
Sahlins, Marshall. “The Original Political Society.” In On Kings, edited by David Graeber and Marshall Sahlins, 23–65. Chicago: Hau Books, 2017.
Anderson, Benedict R O’G. “The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture.” In Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, 17–77. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Tannenbaum, N. B. (1987). Tattoos: Invulnerability and Power in Shan Cosmology. American Ethnologist, 14(4), 693–711.
Mauss, Marcel. 1902 [1972]. A general theory of magic. London: Routledge and K. Paul. Chapter 3: The Elements of Magic
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In-class writing: 15 minute free write on power |
Week 5: Religion and Academics
Geertz, C. 1973. Religion as a Cultural System. In The Interpretation of Cultures: selected essays, 87–125.
Asad; T. 1983. Anthropological Conceptions of Religion: Reflections on Geertz. Man 18 (2):237–259.
Descola, Philippe. Beyond Nature and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. Chapter 1: Configurations of Continuity.
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Ethnographic fieldwork Due Week 6: class discussion on observation skills and note taking What are the characteristics of the powerful people around you. Fellow students, professors, coaches, parents, employers, others…. Watch them. What defines their power? Gather 2 real-time examples (not memories or types), and clearly explain what creates the power you see |
Week 6: Religion and Kings: Prowess and economic success
Wolters, O. W. 1982. History, culture, and religion in Southeast Asian perspectives. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Miscellaneous Notes on ‘Soul Stuff’ and ‘Prowess’, a ‘Hindu’ Man of Prowess.
Gibson, Thomas. 2007. Islamic narrative and authority in Southeast Asia: from the 16th to the 21st century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Chapter 2: The Ruler as Perfect Man in Southeast Asia, 1500-1667.
Davis, E. W. (2016). Deathpower: Buddhism’s Ritual Imagination in Cambodia. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapt 3: Rice, Water, Hierarchy: The Wild and the Civil. Chapter 4: Building Deathpower and Rituals of Sovereignty
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In-class writing: 15 minute free write on prowess, perfect men, and sovereignty |
Week 7: Spirits and Religion
Readings Week 7: The Old Religion
Holt, John. 2009. Spirits of the place: Buddhism and Lao religious culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. Introduction and Chapter 1
Schweyer, Anne Valérie. “Potent Places in Central Vietnam: ‘Everything That Comes Out of the Earth Is Cham.’” Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 18, no. 5 (2017): 400–420.
Work, Courtney. “Chthonic Sovereigns? ‘Neak Ta’ in a Cambodian Village.” The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 20, no. 1 (2019): 74–95.
Hayashi, Yukio. “Reconfiguration of Village Guardian Spirits among the Thai-Lao in Northeastern Thailand.” In Founders’ Cults in Southeast Asia: Ancestors, Polity, and Identity, edited by N Tannenbaum and C.A Kammerer, 184–209. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 2003.
Week 8: Midterm- No Class
Weeks 9-11: Spirits and Religion
Week 9: Christianity
Jocano, Landa F. 1965. “Conversion and the Patterning of Christian Experience in Malitbog, Central Panay, Philippines. Philippine Sociological Review. 13(2). Pp. 96-119.
Cannell, Fenella. 1999. “The Funeral of the ‘Dead Christ’”, in Power and intimacy in the Christian Philippines. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. (Grad students add: “Kinship, reciprocity and devotions to the saints”).
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Ethnographic Fieldwork Due Week 10: Discussion on interviewing Interview 3 people to learn their beliefs or family history with religion (spirit, faith, tradition, belief…). Tell me about…. ? |
Iteanu, Andre. 2017. “Continuity and Breaches in Religion and Globalization, a Melanesian Point of View”. In The Appropriation of Religion in Southeast Asia and Beyond. Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
Week 10: Buddhism
Ladwig, P. (2016). Religious Place Making: Civilized Modernity and the Spread of Buddhism among the Cheng , a Mon-Khmer Minority in Southern Laos. In M.Dickhardt &A.Lauser (Eds.), Religion, Place and Modernity. Spatial Articulations in Southeast Asia and East Asia (pp. 95–124). Leiden: Brill.
Brac de La Perrière, Bénédicte. “Possession and Rebirth in Burma (Myanmar).” Contemporary Buddhism 16, no. 1 (2015): 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2015.1013000.
Kitiarsa, Pattana. “Magic Monks and Spirit Mediums in the Politics of Thai Popular Religion.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 6, no. 2 (2005): 209–26.
Week 11: Islam
Wessing, R. (2017). The lord of the land relationship in southeast Asia. Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia, 515–556.
Barraud, Cecile. 2017. “A Wall, Even in Those Days! Encounters with Religions and What Became of the Tradition”, in, The Appropriation of Religion in Southeast Asia and Beyond. Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
Pemberton, John. 1994. On the Subject of ‘Java’. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Chapter 4 and Chapter 6.
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Ethnographic fieldwork Due Week 12: Interview three people to learn their beliefs about nature. Discuss the unstructured interview and the work of creating and revising questions
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Week 12-13: Spirits: Not so supernatural
Week 12 Readings: Only natural
Kaartinen, Timo. 2016. Boundaries of Humanity: Non-human others and animist ontology in Eastern Indonesia. In K. Århem and G. Sprenger (Eds.), Animism in Southeast Asia, (219-235). London; New York: Routledge.
Remme, J. H. Z. (2016). Actualizing Spirits: Ifugao animism as onto-praxis. In K. Århem & G. Sprenger (Eds.), Animism in Southeast Asia (138–153). London; New York: Routledge.
Janowski, M. (2017). The Dynamics of the Cosmic Conversation: Beliefs about spirits among the Kelabit and Penan of the upper Baram River, Sarawak. In K. Århem & G. Sprenger (Eds.), Animism in Southeast Asia (181–204). London and New York: Routledge.
Howell, S. 2016. Seeing and Knowing: Metamorphosis and the fragility of species in Chewong animistic ontology. In K. Århem and G. Sprenger (Eds.), Animism in Southeast Asia, (55-72). London; New York: Routledge.
Week 13: Economy and Markets
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Paper Due: week 13 |
Boomgaard, P. 2013 [1995]. Sacred Trees and Haunted Forests in Indonesia—Particularly Java, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. In, Asian Perspectives of Nature: A Critical Approach, eds. O. Bruun and A. Kalland, 39-53. New York. Routledge.
Graeber, David. “Fetishism and Social Creativity, or Fetishes Are Gods in Process of Construction” 21, no. October (2005): 21–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499605059230.
Sprenger, Guido. 2014. Where the Dead Go to the Market: Market and Ritual as Social Systems in Upland Southeast Asia. In, Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia: Magic and Modernity, eds. V. Gottowik. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam Press.
Keane, Webb. “The Value of Words and the Meaning of Things in Eastern Indonesian Exchange.” Man 29, no. 3 (1994): 605–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2804345.
Week 14-15: Knowing the Dead
Week 14: Social Relationships
Langford; J. M. 2009. Gifts Intercepted: Biopolitics and Spirit Debt. Cultural Anthropology 24: 681-71 (4):681–711.
Hornbacher, Annette. 2014. Contested Moksa in Balinese Agama Hindu: Balinese Death Rituals between Ancestor Worship and Modern Hinduism. In, Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia: Magic and Modernity, eds. V. Gottowik. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam Press.
Cannell, Fenella. 1999. “The Living and the Dead”, in Power and intimacy in the Christian Philippines. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press
Week 15: Persistence and Presence
Kwon; H. 2008. Ghosts of War in Vietnam. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Introduction and Chapter 1: Ghosts of War and Chapter 2: Mass excavation.
Davis, E. W. (2016). Deathpower: Buddhism’s Ritual Imagination in Cambodia. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapters 5: Binding Mighty Death: The Craft and Authority of the Rag Robe in Cambodian Ritual Technology.
Week 16:
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Class Participation 25%
Midterm 25%
Paper 25%
Final 25%
Time committment: Students should plan to spend on average 9 hours per week to fulfill the requirements of this course. There will be weekly readings and regular field research assignments.
Class Participation: Attendance and participation are central to your success in this course. We will not have exams. Class discussions will focus on the key concepts for this course, which will form the basis for your papers. In class writing assignments and ethnographic data collection are included in your class participation grade and are vital components of your written work. The final paper for the course will be a cumulative product of your mid-term exam and your first paper and each of those will grow out of course readings, lectures, in-class writing projects, ethnographic data collection, and discussions. Lectures are vital to understanding the new theoretical and conceptual focus of this course.
Midterm: Write 5-7 pages discussing how what we call ‘religion’ as a thing separate from politics or economics is a creation of history. Based on your readings and field notes, describe the importance of the overlapping boundaries between religion, spirits, states, and nature. Think of this as laying your theoretical groundwork.
Paper: With this paper, you will review the course material, your in-class writings, field notes, and class notes produced thus far. What are the pieces that you find most interesting and why? Attending to those interesting pieces (use at least 5 sources) formulate an argument that ties them together with the conversations of other authors and class discussions. This should read a little bit like a literature review. This author shows this, that author suggests that, I say this….. Write 5-7 pages.
Final Paper: Combine the theoretical aspects of your midterm with the review of the course literature and ethnographic materials you discussed in your second paper to present a formal 7-10 (10-20 grad students) page essay that addresses some aspect of the course content in light of the critique of religion, magic, and supernaturalism put forward in the course.
Course Bibliography and Additional readings
Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
Asad, T. 2002. The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category. In A Reader in the Anthropology of Religion; ed. M. Lambek; 114–132.Braun, Erik. 2009. "Local and Translocal in the Study of Theravada Buddhism and Modernity". Religion Compass. 3 (6): 935-950.
Bruce; S. 2013. The Other Secular Modern: An Empirical Critique of Asad. Religion and Society: Advances in Research 4 (1):79–92
Condominas, Georges. 1977. We have eaten the forest: the story of a Montagnard village in the central highlands of Vietnam. New York: Hill and Wang.
Eberhardt, Nancy. 2006. Imagining the course of life: self-transformation in a Shan Buddhist community. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Endres, Kirsten W. and Andrea Lauser, eds. 2011. Engaging the spirit world: Popular beliefs and practices in modern Southeast Asia. New York: Berghahn Books.
Geertz, Clifford. 1960. The religion of Java. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press.
Hansen, Anne. 2007. How to Behave: Buddhism and modernity in colonial Cambodia, 1860-1930. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Harris, Ian Charles. 2005. Cambodian Buddhism history and practice. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Hayashi, Yukio. 2003. Practical Buddhism among the Thai-Lao: religion in the making of region. Kyoto, Japan: Kyoto University Press.
Johnson; A. A. 2014. Ghosts of the New City: Spirits; Urbanity; and the Ruins of Progress in Chiang Mai. Hololulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Kobayashi, Satoru. 2005. An Ethnographic Study on the Reconstruction of Buddhist Practice in Two Cambodian Temples: With the Special Reference to Buddhist Samay and Boran. Kyoto Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 42(4):489-518.
Kitiarsa; P. 2005. Beyond Syncretism: Hybridization of Popular Religion in Contemporary Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36 (3):461–487.
Langford; J. M. 2009. Gifts Intercepted: Biopolitics and Spirit Debt. Cultural Anthropology 24: 681-71 (4):681–711.
Leach; E. R. Political Systems of Highland Burma: A study of Kachin social structure. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
Lithai, Frank Reynolds, and Mani B. Reynolds. 1982. Three worlds according to King Ruang: a Thai Buddhist cosmology. Berkeley, Calif: Distributed by Asian Humanities Press/Motila Banarsidass.
McDaniel, Justin. 2011. The Lovelorn Ghost and the Magical Monk: Practicing Buddhism in Modern Thailand. New York: Columbia University Press.
Mus, Paul. 1975. India seen from the East: Indian and indigenous cults in Champa. [Clayton, Vic.]: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
Roseman, M. 1998. Singers of the landscape Song, History, and Property Rights in the Malaysian Rain Forest. American Anthropologist 100 (1):106–121.
Siegel, James T. 2006. Naming the witch. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
Tannenbaum, Nicola Beth, and Cornelia Ann Kammerer. 2003. Founders' cults in Southeast Asia: ancestors, polity, and identity. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
Willford, A. C., and K. M. George. 2005. Spirited Politics: Religion and Public Life in Contemporary Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.
Willford; A. C. 2006. Cage of Freedom: Tamil identity and the ethnic fetish in Malaysia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Vries, Hent de. 2008. Religion: beyond a concept. New York: Fordham University Press.